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whatever delay there was

  • 1 cessō

        cessō āvī, ātus, āre, freq.    [1 cedo], to be remiss, delay, loiter, cease from, stop, give over: paulum, T.: odiosa cessas, you are delaying shamefully, T.: in suo studio: ab apparatu operum nihil cessatum, L.: Quidquid apud durae cessatum est moenia Troiae, whatever delay there was, V.: audaciā, to lack spirit, L.: quid cessas? Tb.: quor cessas? T.: cessas in vota? V.: ego nunc mihi cesso, i. e. to my hurt, T.: pultare ostium, T.: mori, H.—Of persons, to be inactive, be idle, be unoccupied, do nothing: cur deos cessare patitur? si quid cessare potes, V.: Dum cessant aliae, O.: cessare et ludere, H.: Cessatum usque adhuc est, T.: Semel hic cessavit, played truant, H.: amori, to have leisure for, Pr.—Of things, to be at rest, rest, be still, be inactive, be unused, pause, cease, stop: quid ita cessarunt pedes? Ph.: Cessat opus, O.: cessat ira deae, L.: cessasse ferunt aras, i. e. remained unsought, O.: Cessantem amphoram, i. e. long unopened, H.: cessaturae casae, O.: tonsas cessare novalīs, to lie fallow, V.: cessat voluntas? i. e. does he hesitate? H.: Cessata tempora cursu Corrigit, makes up for lost time, O.—Supin. acc.: cessatum ducere curam, lay at rest, H.
    * * *
    cessare, cessavi, cessatus V INTRANS
    be remiss/inactive; hold back, leave off, delay, cease from; rest; be free of

    Latin-English dictionary > cessō

  • 2 cesso

    cesso, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. n. and a. [1. cedo]; lit., to stand back very much; hence, to be remiss in any thing, to delay, loiter, or, in gen., to cease from, stop, give over (indicating a blamable remissness; while desinere, intermittere, requiescere do not include that idea: cessat desidiosus, requiescit fessus, Don. ad Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 15. Diff. from cunctari in this, that the latter designates inaction arising from want of resolution, but cessare that which is the result of slothfulness; cf. Doed. Syn. 3, p. 300 sq.;

    class. in prose and poetry): paulum si cessassem,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 5; 4, 6, 16; id. Ad. 4, 2, 49:

    si tabellarii non cessarint,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 7, 15:

    in suo studio atque opere,

    id. Sen. 5, 13:

    ne quis in eo, quod me viderit facientem, cesset,

    Liv. 35, 35, 16; cf. id. 35, 18, 8:

    ab apparatu operum ac munitionum nihil cessatum,

    id. 21, 8, 1; 34, 16, 3; 31, 12, 2; Tac. A. 3, 28:

    quidquid apud durae cessatum est moenia Trojae,

    whatever delay there was, Verg. A. 11, 288:

    audaciā,

    to be deficient in spirit, Liv. 1, 46, 6; cf.:

    nullo umquam officio,

    id. 42, 6, 8:

    ad arma cessantes Concitet,

    Hor. C. 1, 35, 15 et saep.—So in admonitions:

    quid cessas?

    Ter. And. 5, 6, 15; Tib. 2, 2, 10:

    quid cessatis?

    Curt. 4, 16, 5:

    quor cessas?

    Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 69; cf.: cessas in vota precesque ( poet. for cessas facere vota), Tros, ait, Aenea? cessas? Verg. A. 6, 51 sq.; Tib. 3, 6, 57.— With dat. incommodi: it dies;

    ego mihi cesso,

    i. e. to my own injury, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 12 Lorenz ad loc.; id. Ep. 3, 2, 8:

    sed ego nunc mihi cesso, qui non umerum hunc onero pallio,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 4.—
    b.
    With inf.:

    ego hinc migrare cesso,

    Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 6 sq.:

    numquid principio cessavit verbum docte dicere?

    id. Pers. 4, 4, 3; so,

    alloqui,

    Ter. And. 2, 2, 6; 5, 2, 4:

    adoriri,

    id. Heaut. 4, 5, 9:

    pultare ostium,

    id. ib. 3, 1, 1; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 30:

    introrumpere,

    id. Eun. 5, 5, 26:

    detrahere de nobis,

    Cic. Att. 11, 11, 2:

    mori,

    Hor. C. 3, 27, 58 et saep.—
    II.
    In gen.
    A.
    To be inactive, idle, at leisure, to do nothing:

    cur tam multos deos nihil agere et cessare patitur? cur non rebus humanis aliquos otiosos deos praeficit?

    Cic. N. D. 3, 39, 93; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 22; id. Off. 3, 1, 1: nisi forte ego vobis cessare nunc videor;

    cum bella non gero,

    id. de Sen. 6, 18:

    et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbrā,

    Verg. E. 7, 10:

    cessabimus una,

    Prop. 3 (4), 23, 15; Ov. M. 4, 37:

    cur alter fratrum cessare et ludere et ungi praeferat, etc.,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 183 (cessare otiari et jucunde vivere, Schol. Crucq.); so id. ib. 1, 7, 57:

    per hibernorum tempus,

    Liv. 36, 5, 1:

    cessatum usque adhuc est: nunc porro expergiscere,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 23:

    cessatum ducere curam,

    put to rest, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 31:

    non timido, non ignavo cessare tum licuit,

    Curt. 3, 11, 5.—
    b.
    Of things, to be at rest, to rest, be still, inactive, unemployed, or unused, etc.:

    si cessare putas rerum primordia posse, Cessandoque novos rerum progignere motus,

    Lucr. 2, 80 sq.:

    quid ita cessarunt pedes?

    Phaedr. 1, 9, 5:

    et grave suspenso vomere cesset opus,

    Tib. 2, 1, 6; Ov. F. 6, 348:

    Achilles cessare in Teucros pertulit arma sua,

    Prop. 2, 8, 30:

    cur Berecyntiae Cessant flamina tibiae,

    Hor. C. 3, 19, 19:

    cessat voluntas?

    id. ib. 1, 27, 13:

    cessat ira deae,

    Liv. 29, 18, 10:

    solas sine ture relictas Praeteritae cessasse ferunt Letoïdos aras,

    i. e. remained unsought, unapproached, Ov. M. 8, 278; cf.:

    at nunc desertis cessant sacraria lucis,

    Prop. 3 (4), 13, 47; and:

    cessaturae casae,

    Ov. F. 4, 804:

    cessans honor,

    a vacant office, Suet. Caes. 76.—
    (β).
    Of land, to lie uncultivated, fallow (cf. cessatio):

    alternis idem tonsas cessare novales,

    Verg. G. 1, 71; Plin. 18, 23, 52, § 191; cf. Suet. Aug. 42.— Pass.:

    cessata arva,

    Ov. F. 4, 617.— Trop., of a barren woman, Paul. Nol. Carm. 6, 48.—
    c.
    Sometimes cessare alicui rei, like vacare alicui rei, to have leisure for something, i.e. to attend to, apply one ' s self to:

    amori,

    Prop. 1, 6, 21.—
    B.
    Rarely (prob. not ante-Aug.), not to be at hand or present, to be wanting:

    cessat voluntas? non aliā bibam Mercede,

    Hor. C. 1, 27, 13:

    augendum addendumque quod cessat,

    Quint. 2, 8, 10.—Hence,
    2.
    Judic. t. t.
    a.
    Of persons, not to appear before a tribunal, to make default:

    culpāne quis an aliquā necessitate cessasset,

    Suet. Claud. 15 (where, [p. 323] just before, absentibus; cf.

    absum, 8.): quoties delator adesse jussus cessat,

    Dig. 49, 14, 2, § 4; so ib. 47, 10, 17, § 20.—
    b.
    Of things (a process, verdict), to be invalid, null, void:

    cessat injuriarum actio,

    Dig. 47, 10, 17, § 1:

    revocatio,

    ib. 42, 8, 10, § 1:

    edictum,

    ib. 39, 1, 1:

    senatus consultum,

    ib. 14, 6, 12 et saep.—
    C.
    Also rare, in a moral view, to depart from a right way, i.e. to mistake, err:

    ut scriptor si peccat... Sic qui multum cessat,

    Hor. A. P. 357:

    oratoris perfecti illius, ex nullā parte cessantis,

    Quint. 1, 10, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > cesso

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 mezzo

    "equipment, device, medium;
    Medium;
    meio"
    * * *
    1. adj half
    uno e mezzo one and a half
    mezz'ora half-hour
    le sei e mezzo half-past six
    mezzo chilo a half kilo
    di mezza età middle-aged
    2. adv half
    3. m ( parte centrale) middle
    ( metà) half
    ( strumento) means sg
    ( veicolo) means sg of transport
    prendere un mezzo pubblico use public transport
    mezzi pl di pagamento means of payment
    per mezzo di by means of
    a mezzo posta by post,
    in mezzo a due persone, due libri between
    in mezzo a quei documenti in the middle of or among those papers
    in mezzo alla stanza in the middle of the room
    nel mezzo di in the middle of
    giusto mezzo happy medium
    * * *
    mezzo1 agg. (non com.)
    1 (di frutta, marcio) rotten: pera mezza, rotten pear
    2 (fradicio) soaked, drenched
    3 (fig.) (corrotto) rotten, corrupt.
    mezzo2 agg.
    1 half: mezza bottiglia di vino, half a bottle of wine; una bottiglia e mezza di vino, one and a half bottles of wine; mezza dozzina di volte, half a dozen times; mezz'ora al giorno, half an hour a day; mezz'ora prima di colazione, half an hour before lunch; è lontano un mezzo chilometro, it is (about) half a kilometre away; ho letto mezzo libro, I have read half the book; in questa prima mezz'ora parleremo di musica, in this first half hour we will talk about music; un pavimento mezzo bianco e mezzo nero, a floor half white and half black; mezza Quaresima, Mid-Lent // a mezza voce, in a low voice
    2 (indicante approssimazione) half: mezzo trionfo, half victory; una mezza verità, a half truth; una mezza promessa, a half promise; avevo una mezza intenzione, una mezza idea di venire, I had half a mind to come; c'è stata una mezza discussione in ufficio, ma poi tutto si è sistemato, there was a bit of an argument in the office but then everything was sorted out; questa mela è mezza marcia, this apple is half rotten; è mezza matta, she's a bit crazy; lo spettacolo è stato un mezzo fiasco, the performance was a bit of a fiasco
    3 (medio) middle; medium (attr.): mezza altezza, medium height; mezza età, middle age: una persona di mezza età, a middle-aged person; incontrarsi a mezza strada, to meet half way
    ◆ s.m.
    1 (metà) half*: due mezzi fanno un intero, two halves make a whole; aveva due anni e mezzo, he was two and a half (years old); bevvero due litri e mezzo di vino, they drank two and a half litres of wine; aggiungere un cucchiaio e mezzo di olio, add a spoon and a half of oil; sono le tre e mezzo, it is half past three
    2 (centro, punto mediano) middle, centre: nel mezzo della notte, in the middle of the night (o at dead of night); nel bel mezzo del giardino, in the very middle of the garden; ce ne andammo nel bel mezzo della festa, we left right in the middle of the party; tieniti nel mezzo della strada, keep to the middle of the road
    ◆ avv. half: paesi ancora mezzo distrutti dalla guerra, countries still half destroyed by the war.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: in mezzo a, (fra molti) among, (fra due) between, (nel centro di) in the middle of: lo vide in mezzo alla folla, he saw him among the crowd; il proiettile lo colpì in mezzo agli occhi, the bullet hit him right between the eyes; c'è un obelisco in mezzo alla piazza, there's an obelisk in the middle of the square; ovunque vada me lo trovo sempre in mezzo ai piedi, wherever I go I always find him in my way // mezzo e mezzo, so-so // fare le cose a mezzo, to do things by halves; lasciare a mezzo un lavoro, to leave a job half finished; questa bistecca è troppo grande: facciamo a mezzo?, this steak is too big for me, why don't we take half each?; fare a mezzo, (dividere una spesa) to go fifty-fifty // di mezzo, in the middle: il posto di mezzo, the seat in the middle // levare di mezzo qlcu., to get rid of s.o.; levare di mezzo qlco., to take sthg. out of the way: bisognerà levarlo di mezzo, we'll have to get rid of him; leva di mezzo quelle valigie, take those suitcases out of the way; levati di mezzo, get out of the way // sono tutti amici finché non ci sono di mezzo i soldi, they are all friends just as long as there is no money involved // non deve andarci di mezzo chi è innocente, someone who is innocent shouldn't have to lose out // mettersi di mezzo, to intervene (o to interfere); fate quello che volete basta che non mi mettiate in mezzo, do what you want but just don't involve me.
    mezzo3 s.m.
    1 (strumento) means; (apparato) equipment: mezzi di comunicazione, di produzione, means of communication, of production; mezzi audiovisivi, audio-visual equipment; mezzi leciti, illeciti, legal, illegal means; con mezzi disonesti, by foul means; questo era l'unico mezzo per raggiungerlo, this was the only way (o means) of reaching him // (econ.): mezzo di scambio, medium of exchange; mezzi di pagamento, means of payment // (dir.) mezzo di prova, (piece of) evidence // a mezzo posta, by post; a mezzo ferrovia, by rail // per mezzo di, by (o by means of), (attraverso) through: lo ebbi per mezzo di un mio amico, I got it through a friend of mine; mi fu consegnato per mezzo di un fattorino, it was delivered to me by messenger; spedire merci a mezzo corriere, to send (o ship) goods through a carrier // il fine giustifica i mezzi, the end justifies the means // non c'è mezzo di saperlo, there is no way of knowing
    2 (spec. pl.) mezzi (di trasporto), means of transport, transport: viaggiare con i mezzi pubblici, to travel by public transport; riuscimmo ad arrivare al villaggio con dei mezzi di fortuna, we managed to reach the village travelling by whatever transport was available
    3 (fis.) medium: l'elettricità si propaga più o meno rapidamente secondo il mezzo, electricity travels more or less quickly according to the conductor; i raggi di luce si rifrangono passando da un mezzo a un altro, rays of light are refracted when they pass from one medium to another
    4 pl. (denaro) means, money [U]; funds: una persona con mezzi, a person of means; egli ha molti mezzi, he is well off; vivere al di sopra dei propri mezzi, to live beyond one's means; prima di affrontare quella spesa bisognerà reperire i mezzi, before meeting that expense we shall have to find the funds.
    * * *
    I ['mɛddzo] sm
    (strumento) means sg, (metodo) means, way

    per mezzo di — by means of, through

    II mezzo (-a)
    1. agg
    1) half
    2)

    (medio) di mezza età — middle-aged

    2. avv

    mezzo pieno/vuoto ecc — half-full/empty ecc

    3. sm
    1) (metà) half

    un chilo e mezzo — a kilo and a half, one and a half kilos

    in mezzo a — in the middle of, (folla) in the midst of

    3)

    (fraseologia) esserci di mezzo — (ostacolo) to be in the way

    togliere di mezzo — (persona, cosa) to get rid of, (fam : uccidere) to bump off

    levarsi o togliersi di mezzo — to get out of the way

    * * *
    I 1. ['mɛddzo]
    1) half

    mezzo litro — a half-litre, half a litre

    mezz'ora — half hour, half an hour

    2) (medio) middle

    fare una -a promessa a qcn. — to make a half promise to sb

    2.
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (metà) half*

    tre -i — mat. three halves

    2) (punto centrale) middle, centre BE, center AE

    nel mezzo della notte — in the middle o dead of the night

    4) in mezzo a (fra due) between; (fra molti) among; (nella parte centrale) in the middle of

    mettersi in mezzo — fig. (intervenire) to come between, to intervene; (intromettersi) to interfere

    essere messo in mezzo — fig. to be caught in the middle

    togliere o levare di mezzo to get rid of; (uccidere) to do in colloq.; levati di mezzo! get out of my way! andarci di mezzo to get involved, to be caught up; mettere di mezzo qcn. — to involve sb., to bring sb. into

    3.
    avverbio half

    essere mezzo morto — to be half-dead o as good as dead

    - a stagione — = autumn or spring

    ••

    mezzo e mezzo, mezz'e mezzo — half-and-half; (così così) so-so

    il giusto mezzo — the golden mean, the happy medium

    mezzo mondo — a load o whole lot of people

    II 1. ['mɛddzo]
    sostantivo maschile

    con ogni mezzo — by every possible means, by fair means or foul

    2) biol. fis. medium*
    3) (veicolo) means of transport
    4) per mezzo di, a mezzo by means of, through
    2.
    sostantivo maschile plurale mezzi (risorse finanziarie) means, funds

    avere -i — to be in funds o well off

    mezzo anfibio — mil. amphibian

    mezzo d'assalto — mil. assault craft

    mezzo corazzato — armoured BE o armored AE vehicle

    mezzo da sbarco — mil. landing craft

    ••

    il fine giustifica i -i — prov. the end justifies the means

    * * *
    mezzo1
    /'mεddzo/ ⇒ 13
     1 half; - a mela half apple; una -a dozzina di uova a half-dozen eggs; mezzo litro a half-litre, half a litre; - a aspirina half an aspirin; mezz'ora half hour, half an hour; - a giornata half day; due tazze e -a two and a half cups; ha sei anni e mezzo he's six and a half; un'ora e -a an hour and a half; le due e -a half past two
     2 (medio) middle; - a età middle age; un uomo di -a età a middle-aged man
     3 (con valore attenuativo) avere una -a intenzione di fare to have half a mind to do; fare una -a promessa a qcn. to make a half promise to sb.
     1 (metà) half*; tre -i mat. three halves
     2 (punto centrale) middle, centre BE, center AE
     3 (momento centrale) middle; nel mezzo della notte in the middle o dead of the night; nel bel mezzo della cena right in the middle of dinner
     4 in mezzo a (fra due) between; (fra molti) among; (nella parte centrale) in the middle of; mettersi in mezzo fig. (intervenire) to come between, to intervene; (intromettersi) to interfere; essere messo in mezzo fig. to be caught in the middle
     5 di mezzo togliere o levare di mezzo to get rid of; (uccidere) to do in colloq.; levati di mezzo! get out of my way! andarci di mezzo to get involved, to be caught up; mettere di mezzo qcn. to involve sb., to bring sb. into
     6 a mezzo lasciare un lavoro a mezzo to leave a job half finished; fare a mezzo to go halves
     half; mezzo addormentato half asleep; essere mezzo morto to be half-dead o as good as dead; essere mezzo matto to have screw loose
    mezzo e mezzo, mezz'e mezzo half-and-half; (così così) so-so; il giusto mezzo the golden mean, the happy medium; - e misure half-measures; mezzo mondo a load o whole lot of people; parlare senza -i termini not to mince matters o one's words
    \
    mezzo punto →  mezzopunto; - a manica →  mezzamanica; - a pensione half board; - a stagione = autumn or spring.
    ————————
    mezzo2
    /'mεddzo/
    I sostantivo m.
     1 (modo di procedere) means*; con ogni mezzo by every possible means, by fair means or foul; tentare ogni mezzo to do one's utmost
     2 biol. fis. medium*
     3 (veicolo) means of transport; - i pubblici public transport
     4 per mezzo di, a mezzo by means of, through; a mezzo stampa through the medium of the press; a mezzo posta by post
    II mezzi m.pl.
      (risorse finanziarie) means, funds; avere -i to be in funds o well off; vivere al di sopra dei propri -i to live beyond one's means
    il fine giustifica i -i prov. the end justifies the means
    \
    mezzo anfibio mil. amphibian; mezzo d'assalto mil. assault craft; mezzo corazzato armoured BE o armored AE vehicle; mezzo pesante heavy lorry; mezzo da sbarco mil. landing craft; - i di comunicazione (di massa) (mass) media.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > mezzo

  • 5 hold

    I [həuld] 1. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. held
    1)
    а) держать; обнимать

    to hold a spoon / knife — держать ложку, нож

    to hold smth. in one's hand — держать что-л. в руке

    to hold smth. tight(ly) — крепко держать что-л.

    to hold smb. in one's arms — держать кого-л. на руках; держать в объятиях, обнимать кого-л.

    to hold smb. tight / close — (крепко) обнимать кого-л., прижимать кого-л. к себе

    The mother was holding the baby in her arms. — Мать держала ребёнка на руках.

    He will hold her in his arms and tell her she is finally safe. — Он обнимет её и скажет ей, что теперь она в безопасности.

    Syn:
    б) удерживать, задерживать

    He jumped back to try and hold the lift for me. — Он отпрыгнул назад, стараясь задержать для меня лифт.

    Syn:
    2)
    а) удерживать, поддерживать

    A pile of sandbags held the bridge. — Груда мешков с песком поддерживала мост.

    б) держать, выдерживать

    The glue didn't hold. — Клей не держал.

    This rope won't hold in a strong wind. — При сильном ветре эта верёвка не выдержит.

    The nail still holds. — Гвоздь ещё держится.

    •
    Syn:
    3)
    а) содержать в себе, вмещать

    This box holds a pound of candy. — В этой коробке находится один фунт конфет.

    This jug holds two pints. — Этот кувшин вмещает две пинты.

    This room holds a hundred people. — Эта комната вмещает сто человек.

    Syn:
    have a capacity of, contain, accommodate, take in, include, enclose
    б) держать, хранить
    4) владеть, иметь; быть (официальным) владельцем, обладателем, держателем ( акций)

    to hold shares / stock — быть держателем акций, акционерного капитала

    5) занимать (пост, должность); иметь (звание, ранг)

    The Social Democrats held office then. — В правительстве в то время были социал-демократы.

    to hold a rank — иметь звание, чин

    6) воен. удерживать, защищать

    The bridge was held for some time. — Некоторое время они удерживали мост.

    Syn:

    He holds the record for the 100-metre dash. — Он является рекордсменом на 100-метровой дистанции.

    8)
    а) сохранять, удерживать (в каком-л. состоянии)

    She found herself held by his eyes. — Она обнаружила, что его глаза прикованы к ней.

    - hold the stage
    б) сохраняться, длиться, продолжаться; оставаться ( в силе); держаться ( о погоде)

    I was only too glad, however, to see that their appetites held. — Однако я был только рад, что у них по-прежнему хороший аппетит.

    The frost still held. — По-прежнему стояли морозы.

    Our bet holds true. — Наше соглашение остаётся в силе.

    If the weather holds, we'll both take a trip. — Если погода продержится, мы вдвоём совершим поездку.

    Syn:
    9) собирать, созывать, проводить (собрание, совещание, ассамблею)
    10) отмечать, праздновать (что-л.)
    11) поддерживать (связь, контакты), поддерживать (компанию, беседу)
    12)
    а) сдерживать, удерживать; прекращать, останавливать

    Hold everything! — Подожди!, Ничего не предпринимай!

    б) сдерживаться, удерживаться; воздерживаться

    She could not hold from saying this. — Она не могла удержаться, чтобы не сказать это.

    Syn:
    restrain oneself, refrain, forbear, cease, stop, give over
    13) хранить, удерживать ( в памяти)
    Syn:
    have in mind, keep in mind, entertain
    14) полагать, считать; рассматривать; придерживаться (доктрины, мнения, взгляда)

    to hold smb. responsible — считать кого-л. ответственным

    I hold that the details are altogether unhistorical. — Я считаю, что эти детали абсолютно неисторичны.

    He held the lives of other men as cheap as his own. — Он оценивал жизнь других так же низко, как и свою.

    Syn:
    15) питать (какие-л.) чувства (к кому-л.)

    to hold smb. in esteem — уважать кого-л.

    to hold smb. in contempt — презирать кого-л.

    16) (официально) утверждать, устанавливать, решать ( о суде)
    17)
    а) держать (в каком-л. положении)

    She held her head as proudly as ever. — Она, как и прежде, ходила с гордо поднятой головой.

    She held her face averted. — Она так и не повернула головы.

    Hold yourself still for a moment while I take your photograph. — Не двигайся минутку, пока я тебя сфотографирую.

    б) ( hold oneself) держаться, вести себя

    She held herself like a queen. — Она держалась, как королева.

    Syn:
    18) эк. придерживать, не продавать ( товар)
    19) амер.; нарк. иметь наркотики на продажу

    He was holding, just as Red had said. — Как и говорил Ред, у него хранились наркотики.

    21) держать в тюрьме, держать под стражей
    22) спорт. быть, находиться в клинче ( в боксе)
    23) ( hold to)
    а) держаться, придерживаться ( мнения)

    Whatever your argument, I shall hold to my decision. — Что бы ты там не говорил, я не изменю своего решения.

    to hold smb. to his promise — настаивать на выполнении кем-л. своего обещания

    24) ( hold against) обвинять

    I don't hold it against Jim that he has won every year, but some of the other competitors might. — Я-то не злюсь, что Джим каждый год выигрывает, но других участников соревнований это может раздражать.

    We will not hold your past blunders against you. — Мы не будем принимать во внимание твои предыдущие ошибки.

    25)
    а) ( hold by) держаться ( решения); слушаться ( совета)

    There was no anchor, none, to hold by. (Tennyson) — Не было никакой надежды, за которую можно было бы ухватиться.

    б) ( hold with) соглашаться; держаться одинаковых взглядов; одобрять

    I don't hold with some of the strange ideas that you believe in. — Я не согласен со странными представлениями, в которые ты веришь.

    26) (hold smth. over smb.) шантажировать кого-л., манипулировать кем-л. при помощи чего-л.

    He held the Will over her like a threat. — Своим завещанием он держал её на коротком поводке.

    •
    - hold aside
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold in
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold over
    - hold together
    - hold up
    - hold sway
    ••

    hold hard! — стой!; подожди!

    to hold it against smb. — иметь претензии к кому-л., иметь что-л. против кого-л.

    to hold cheap — не дорожить, ни в грош не ставить

    to hold one's tongue — молчать, держать язык за зубами, прикусить язык

    - hold water
    - hold one's sides with laughter 2. сущ.
    1) схватывание, захват; сжатие; удержание

    to keep hold of smth. — держать

    to take / get / grab / catch / seize / lay hold of smth. — схватить что-л., ухватиться за что-л.

    to let go / lose one's hold of smth. — выпустить что-л. из рук

    Take a firm hold of this line. — Твёрдо придерживайся этой линии.

    Syn:
    2) рукоятка, ручка; захват, ушко; опора

    The mountain climber couldn't find a hold to climb any higher. — Альпинист не мог найти опору, чтобы подниматься дальше.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) гнездо, паз; крепёжная деталь
    б) вместилище, хранилище
    4)
    а) власть; влияние (на кого-л. / на что-л.)

    They refused to relinquish their hold over this area. — Они отказались уступить свою власть в этом регионе.

    firm / strong hold (up)on / over smb. — большое влияние на кого-л.

    Her brother has always had a strong hold over her. — Её брат всегда имел на неё большое влияние.

    Syn:
    б) владение, обладание

    to get hold of oneself — владеть собой, держать себя в руках

    Legal documents give the present owner a legitimate hold on the property. — Юридические документы дают нынешнему владельцу законное право владения имуществом.

    •
    Syn:
    5) схватывание, понимание

    to get hold of exactly what is happening — точно понять, что происходит

    6) спорт. клинч, захват (в борьбе, боксе, дзю-до)

    No holds (are) barred. — Все захваты разрешены.

    7)
    а) тюремная камера, тюрьма
    б) уст. заключение в тюрьму, лишение свободы
    Syn:
    8)
    а) убежище, укрытие; берлога, нора
    б) уст. крепость
    Syn:
    9)
    а) отсрочка, задержка

    to put smb. on hold — заставить кого-л. ждать ( особенно на телефоне)

    Syn:
    б) задержка ( запуска ракеты) в последний момент перед стартом
    в) муз. фермата
    ••
    II [həuld] сущ.; мор.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > hold

  • 6 apartar

    v.
    1 to move away.
    el polémico ministro ha sido apartado de su cargo the controversial minister has been removed from office
    apartar la mirada to look away
    2 to separate.
    El regalo apartó a los hermanos The gift separated the brothers.
    3 to take, to select.
    ya he apartado la ropa para el viaje I've already put out the clothes for the journey
    4 to push aside, to discard, to get away, to lay aside.
    Ricardo apartó al mal amigo Richard pushed aside his lousy friend.
    5 to put aside, to lay by, to put to one side.
    Ricardo apartó los muebles Richard put the furniture aside.
    6 to set apart, to earmark, to singularize.
    Su elegancia apartó a Denise Her elegance set Denise apart.
    7 to leave out, to exclude from the conversation.
    * * *
    1 (alejar) to move away
    ■ ¿puedes apartar la moto? can you move your motorbike?
    2 (separar) to separate; (preservar de) to protect from, keep away from
    3 (reservar) to put aside, set aside
    ■ te he apartado un trozo de pastel I've put a piece of cake aside for you, I've saved you a piece of cake
    4 (de un cargo) to remove
    1 (alejarse) to move away
    2 (separarse) to withdraw, move away
    \
    apartar los ojos de to take one's eyes off
    'Se aparta género' "A deposit secures any item"
    * * *
    verb
    1) to separate, put aside, set aside
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=alejar)

    • apartar la mirada/los ojos de algo — to look away from sth, avert one's gaze/one's eyes from sth liter

    apartó la mirada de la larga fila de casas — she looked away from o liter averted her gaze from the long row of houses

    2) (=quitar de en medio)

    apartó la cortina y miró a la calle — he drew o pulled back the curtain and looked out into the street

    avanzaban apartando la maleza — they made their way through the undergrowth, pushing o brushing it aside as they went

    3) [+ persona]
    a) [de lugar]
    b) [de otra persona] (lit) to separate; (fig) to drift apart

    el tiempo los ha ido apartando — they have grown o drifted apart with time

    c) [de actividad, puesto] to remove

    si yo fuera el entrenador, lo apartaría del equipo — if I was the coach I would remove him from the team

    4) (=reservar) to put aside, set aside

    hemos apartado un poco de comida para él — we've put o set aside a little food for him

    5) (Correos) to sort
    6) (Ferro) to shunt, switch (EEUU)
    7) (Agr) [+ ganado] to separate, cut out
    8) (Jur) to set aside, waive
    9) (Min) to extract
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( alejar) to move away

    apartó los ojos or la mirada — he averted his eyes

    b) < obstáculo> to move, move... out of the way
    c) (frml) ( de un cargo) to remove
    d) ( separar) to separate
    2) (guardar, reservar) to set aside
    2.
    apartarse v pron (refl)
    a) ( despejar el camino) to stand aside
    b) (alejarse, separarse)

    apartarse de algo/alguien: el satélite se apartó de su trayectoria the satellite strayed from its orbit; apártate de ahí get/come away from there; no se aparta de su lado he never leaves her side; apártate de mi vista! get out of my sight!; se apartó bastante de su familia she drifted away from her family; nos estamos apartando del tema — we're going off the subject

    * * *
    = put + aside, put by, lock out, push + to one side, keep in + reserve, leave + aside, set + apart, lay + Nombre + aside, brush aside, set + aside, nudge + Nombre + aside, leave by + the wayside, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.
    Ex. If there is one, the borrower must be notified, and the copy somehow put aside for that borrower for a limited amount of time.
    Ex. The raw material of white paper was undyed linen -- or in very early days hempen -- rags, which the paper-maker bought in bulk, sorted and washed, and then put by in a damp heap for four or five days to rot.
    Ex. This article examines the role of public library trustees who appear to live on the fringes of the library profession, locked out of the decision making mainstream.
    Ex. The compositor therefore pushed the forme to one side (or stood it on its edge on the floor, leaning against its frame) and proceeded to impose the second forme of the sheet in the same way..
    Ex. The notation employed by the Library of Congress scheme is based on letters of the alphabet, twenty-one of which have been used and five kept in reserve for further expansion.
    Ex. Leaving aside the heretical thought that perhaps 'all things to all men' is exactly what the public library should be, this alone is not enough.
    Ex. Storytelling and reading in a room set apart and led by competent people can be an entertainment designed for all.
    Ex. If a book does not yield immediate pleasure they tend to lay it aside.
    Ex. This paper discusses ways in which library staff become demotivated, including rigid hierarchies, ignoring staff, brushing aside suggestions, and claiming credit for their ideas.
    Ex. When new songbooks arrive in the library they are set aside until indexing is completed.
    Ex. It calls upon the leaders of the Union to respond without delay -- for, very quickly, the position will be taken, the habits will be formed, it will be to late to nudge them aside later on.
    Ex. She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.
    Ex. She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    Ex. They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.
    ----
    * apartar a la fuerza = prise + Nombre + away.
    * apartar de = wean from, wean away from.
    * apartar + Dinero + para gastárselo en = set + aside + Dinero + for.
    * apartar la vista = look + the other way.
    * apartarse = step + aside, stray (from/outside), skew away.
    * apartarse a un lado = pull over.
    * apartarse (de) = depart from, turn away from, become + detached from, pull away (from), deviate (from).
    * apartarse de la realidad = stray from + reality.
    * apartarse del buen camino = go off + the rails, stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.
    * apartarse el pelo de los ojos = flick + Posesivo + hair out of + Posesivo + eyes.
    * no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( alejar) to move away

    apartó los ojos or la mirada — he averted his eyes

    b) < obstáculo> to move, move... out of the way
    c) (frml) ( de un cargo) to remove
    d) ( separar) to separate
    2) (guardar, reservar) to set aside
    2.
    apartarse v pron (refl)
    a) ( despejar el camino) to stand aside
    b) (alejarse, separarse)

    apartarse de algo/alguien: el satélite se apartó de su trayectoria the satellite strayed from its orbit; apártate de ahí get/come away from there; no se aparta de su lado he never leaves her side; apártate de mi vista! get out of my sight!; se apartó bastante de su familia she drifted away from her family; nos estamos apartando del tema — we're going off the subject

    * * *
    = put + aside, put by, lock out, push + to one side, keep in + reserve, leave + aside, set + apart, lay + Nombre + aside, brush aside, set + aside, nudge + Nombre + aside, leave by + the wayside, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.

    Ex: If there is one, the borrower must be notified, and the copy somehow put aside for that borrower for a limited amount of time.

    Ex: The raw material of white paper was undyed linen -- or in very early days hempen -- rags, which the paper-maker bought in bulk, sorted and washed, and then put by in a damp heap for four or five days to rot.
    Ex: This article examines the role of public library trustees who appear to live on the fringes of the library profession, locked out of the decision making mainstream.
    Ex: The compositor therefore pushed the forme to one side (or stood it on its edge on the floor, leaning against its frame) and proceeded to impose the second forme of the sheet in the same way..
    Ex: The notation employed by the Library of Congress scheme is based on letters of the alphabet, twenty-one of which have been used and five kept in reserve for further expansion.
    Ex: Leaving aside the heretical thought that perhaps 'all things to all men' is exactly what the public library should be, this alone is not enough.
    Ex: Storytelling and reading in a room set apart and led by competent people can be an entertainment designed for all.
    Ex: If a book does not yield immediate pleasure they tend to lay it aside.
    Ex: This paper discusses ways in which library staff become demotivated, including rigid hierarchies, ignoring staff, brushing aside suggestions, and claiming credit for their ideas.
    Ex: When new songbooks arrive in the library they are set aside until indexing is completed.
    Ex: It calls upon the leaders of the Union to respond without delay -- for, very quickly, the position will be taken, the habits will be formed, it will be to late to nudge them aside later on.
    Ex: She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.
    Ex: She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    Ex: They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.
    * apartar a la fuerza = prise + Nombre + away.
    * apartar de = wean from, wean away from.
    * apartar + Dinero + para gastárselo en = set + aside + Dinero + for.
    * apartar la vista = look + the other way.
    * apartarse = step + aside, stray (from/outside), skew away.
    * apartarse a un lado = pull over.
    * apartarse (de) = depart from, turn away from, become + detached from, pull away (from), deviate (from).
    * apartarse de la realidad = stray from + reality.
    * apartarse del buen camino = go off + the rails, stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.
    * apartarse el pelo de los ojos = flick + Posesivo + hair out of + Posesivo + eyes.
    * no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.

    * * *
    apartar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (alejar) to move away
    aparta la ropa del fuego move the clothes away from the fire
    aparta eso de mi vista get that out of my sight
    aparta de ti esos temores ( liter); cast out those fears ( liter)
    aparta de mí este cáliz ( Bib) take this cup from me
    aquellas amistades lo apartaron del buen camino those friends led him astray o off the straight and narrow
    lo apartaron de su propósito de estudiar medicina they dissuaded him from studying medicine
    apartó los ojos or la mirada he averted his eyes
    la apartó de un manotazo he pushed her aside o to one side
    2 ‹obstáculo› to move, move … out of the way
    aparte ese coche move that car (out of the way)
    le apartó el pelo de los ojos she brushed the hair out of his eyes
    3 ( frml) (de un cargo) to remove
    ha sido apartado de su cargo/del servicio activo he has been removed from his post/from active service
    4 (aislar) to separate
    si no los apartamos se van a matar if we don't separate them they'll kill each other
    se los mete en la cárcel para apartarlos de la sociedad they are put in jail to separate them from o to keep them away from society
    B (guardar, reservar) to set aside
    apartó lo que se iba a llevar she set aside what she was going to take, she put the things she was going to take on one side
    tenemos que apartar el dinero del alquiler we must set o put aside the rent money
    voy a apartar un poco de comida para él I'm going to put a bit of food aside for him
    las gambas se pelan y se apartan peel the prawns and set aside o put them to one side
    dejé el libro apartado I had them set the book aside o put the book to one side for me
    [ S ] se apartan juguetes layaway available ( AmE), a small deposit secures any item ( BrE)
    ( refl)
    1 (despejar el camino) to stand aside
    ¡apártense! ¡dejen pasar! stand aside! make way!
    2 (alejarse, separarse) apartarse DE algo/algn:
    nos apartamos de la carretera principal we got off o left the main road
    el satélite se ha apartado de su trayectoria the satellite has strayed from its orbit
    apártate de ahí que te puedes quemar get/come away from there, you might burn yourself
    ¡apártate de mi vista! get out of my sight!
    ¡apártate de mí! get away from me!
    no te apartes del buen camino stick to the straight and narrow
    se ha apartado bastante de su familia she's drifted away from o grown apart from her family
    nos estamos apartando del tema we're getting off o straying away from o going off the subject
    * * *

     

    apartar ( conjugate apartar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( alejar) to move … away;


    apartó los ojos he averted his eyes
    b) ‹ obstáculo› to move, move … out of the way

    c) (frml) ( de un cargo) to remove


    2 (guardar, reservar) to set aside;

    apartarse verbo pronominal ( refl)

    b) (alejarse, separarse):

    ◊ apártate de ahí get/come away from there;

    no se aparta de su lado he never leaves her side;
    ¡apártate de mi vista! get out of my sight!;
    se apartó de su familia she drifted away from her family;
    nos estamos apartando del tema we're getting off the subject
    apartar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (alejar) to move away, remove
    apartar la vista, to look away
    2 (guardar) to put aside
    II verbo intransitivo ¡aparta!, move out of the way!
    ' apartar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    destinar
    - grano
    - soplar
    - aislar
    - entretener
    - quitar
    - retirar
    - separar
    English:
    avert
    - away
    - block out
    - kick away
    - look away
    - move over
    - push aside
    - set back
    - sidetrack
    - sweep aside
    - take aside
    - throw aside
    - thrust aside
    - look
    - set
    - sweep
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alejar] to move away;
    [quitar] to remove;
    ¡apártense de la carretera, niños! come away from the road, children!;
    aparta el coche, que no puedo pasar move the car out of the way, I can't get past;
    aparta de mí estos pensamientos [cita bíblica] protect me from such thoughts;
    el polémico ministro ha sido apartado de su cargo the controversial minister has been removed from office;
    apartar la mirada to look away;
    no apartó la mirada de nosotros he never took his eyes off us;
    sus ojos no se apartaban de ella his eyes never left her;
    aparté la vista de aquel espectáculo tan desagradable I averted my gaze o I turned away from that unpleasant sight;
    apartar a alguien de un codazo to elbow sb aside;
    apartar a alguien de un empujón to push sb out of the way
    2. [separar] to separate;
    aparta las fichas blancas de las negras separate the white counters from the black ones;
    nadie los apartó, y acabaron a puñetazos nobody attempted to separate them and they ended up coming to blows
    3. [escoger] to take, to select;
    ya he apartado la ropa para el viaje I've already put out the clothes for the trip
    4. [disuadir] to dissuade;
    lo apartó de su intención de ser médico she dissuaded him from becoming a doctor
    * * *
    v/t
    1 separate; para después set o
    put aside; de un sitio move away (de from)
    2
    :
    apartar a alguien de hacer algo dissuade s.o. from doing sth
    * * *
    1) alejar: to move away, to put at a distance
    2) : to put aside, to set aside, to separate
    * * *
    1. (mover) to move / to move out of the away
    ¿puedes apartar la moto? can you move your motorbike?
    2. (separar) to separate
    apartar la mirada / apartar la vista to look away

    Spanish-English dictionary > apartar

  • 7 any

    1. adjective
    1) (some)

    have you any wool/any statement to make? — haben Sie Wolle/[irgend]eine Erklärung abzugeben?

    if you have any difficulties — wenn du irgendwelche Schwierigkeiten hast

    not any — kein/keine

    without any — ohne jeden/jede/jedes

    have you any idea of the time? — hast du eine Ahnung, wie spät es ist?

    2) (one) ein/eine
    3) (all) jeder/jede/jedes

    to avoid any delay — um jede Verzögerung zu vermeiden

    4) (every) jeder/jede/jedes

    any time I went there — jedes Mal od. immer, wenn ich dort hinging

    [at] any time — jederzeit

    [at] any time of day — zu jeder Tageszeit

    5) (whichever) jeder/jede/jedes [beliebige]

    choose any [one] book/any books you like — suchen Sie sich (Dat.) irgendein Buch/irgendwelche Bücher aus

    do it any way you like — machen Sie es, wie immer Sie wollen

    [at] any time [now] — jederzeit

    any day/minute [now] — jeden Tag/jede Minute

    you can count on him any time — (coll.) du kannst dich jederzeit auf ihn verlassen

    I'd prefer Mozart any day — (coll.) ich würde Mozart allemal (ugs.) od. jederzeit vorziehen

    not [just] any house — nicht irgendein beliebiges Haus

    take any amount you wish — nehmen Sie, soviel Sie wollen

    6) (an appreciable) ein nennenswerter/eine nennenswerte/ein nennenswertes
    2. pronoun
    1) (some) in condit., interrog., or neg. sentence (replacing sing. n.) einer/eine/ein[e]s; (replacing collect. n.) welcher/welche/welches; (replacing pl. n.) welche

    not any — keiner/keine/kein[e]s/Pl. keine

    I need to buy some sugar, we haven't got any at the moment — ich muss Zucker kaufen, wir haben im Augenblick keinen

    Here are some sweets. Would you like any? — Hier sind ein paar Bonbons. Möchtest du welche?

    hardly any — kaum welche/etwas

    do you have any of them in stock? — haben Sie [irgend]welche davon vorrätig?

    he is not having any of it — (fig. coll.) er will nichts davon wissen

    2) (no matter which) irgendeiner / irgendeine / irgendein[e]s/irgendwelche Pl.
    3. adverb

    do you feel any better today? — fühlen Sie sich heute [etwas] besser?

    he didn't seem any [the] wiser after that — danach schien er auch nicht klüger zu sein

    I can't wait any longer — ich kann nicht [mehr] länger warten

    * * *
    ['eni] 1. pronoun, adjective
    1) (one, some, no matter which: `Which dress shall I wear?' `Wear any (dress)'; `Which dresses shall I pack?' `Pack any (dresses)'.) irgendeiner/irgendeine/irgendeines
    2) ((in questions and negative sentences etc) one, some: John has been to some interesting places but I've never been to any; Have you been to any interesting places?; We have hardly any coffee left.) irgendwelcher/irgendwelche/irgendwelches
    2. adjective
    (every: Any schoolboy could tell you the answer.) jeder/jede/jedes
    3. adverb
    (at all; (even) by a small amount: Is this book any better than the last one?; His writing hasn't improved any.) irgendwie
    - academic.ru/3049/anybody">anybody
    - anyone
    - anyhow
    - anything
    - anyway
    - anywhere
    - at any rate
    - in any case
    * * *
    [eni, əni]
    I. adj inv, attr
    1. (in questions) [irgend]ein(e); (with uncountables) etwas
    do you have \any children/brothers and sisters? haben Sie Kinder/Geschwister?
    did you notice \any changes? hast du irgendwelche Veränderungen bemerkt?
    do you have \any problems? haben Sie [irgendwelche] Probleme?
    do you have [or have you got] \any basil? hätten Sie vielleicht etwas Basilikum?
    \any news about your application? hast du schon [irgend]etwas wegen deiner Bewerbung gehört?
    I don't think there'll be \any snow this Christmas ich glaube nicht, dass es dieses Jahr an Weihnachten schneien wird
    there wasn't \any butter in the house es war keine Butter im Haus
    you mustn't do that on \any account du darfst das auf gar keinen Fall tun
    3. (conditional) [irgend]ein(e); (with uncountables) etwas
    if you had \any friends, you would know what I mean wenn du Freunde hättest, wüsstest du, was ich meine
    if I had \any money, I would not hesitate wenn ich [etwas] Geld hätte, würde ich nicht zögern
    if she had \any experience, I'd give her the job wenn sie wenigstens etwas Erfahrung hätte, würde ich sie einstellen
    if you had \any time to spare, you could join us wenn du Zeit hast, kannst du ja nachkommen
    \any [at all] [irgend]ein(e)
    if I had \any plan at all, you'd be the first to know wenn ich auch nur irgendeinen Plan hätte, würdest du es als Erster erfahren
    if there had been \any pedestrians I could have asked, I wouldn't have got lost wenn da irgendwelche Passanten gewesen wären, die ich hätte fragen können, hätte ich mich nicht verirrt
    very few people, if \any, still remember him es gibt, wenn überhaupt, nur noch sehr wenige Menschen, die sich an ihn erinnern
    if it's of \any help [at all] to you, I could talk to your boss wenn dir das irgendwie hilft, könnte ich ja mal mit deinem Chef sprechen
    4. (every) jede(r, s); (all) alle
    I love \any form of chocolate ich liebe jede Art von Schokolade
    absolutely \any food would be better than nothing at all wirklich [o absolut] jedes Essen wäre besser als überhaupt nichts
    \any complaints should be addressed to the hotel manager jegliche [o alle] Beschwerden sind an den Hoteldirektor zu richten
    ring me up \any time du kannst mich jederzeit anrufen
    in \any case, at \any rate ( fam: whatever happens) auf jeden Fall; (above and beyond that) überhaupt
    there's nothing on at the cinema and in \any case it's far too cold es läuft nichts im Kino und außerdem ist es sowieso viel zu kalt
    \any minute jeden Augenblick
    \any minute now he's going to go crazy ( fam) er wird jeden Augenblick ausflippen
    \any day/moment jeden Tag/Moment
    \any time now jederzeit
    at \any one time zu jeder Zeit
    5. (whichever you like) jede(r, s) [beliebige]; (with uncountables, pl n) alle; (not important which) irgendein(e); (with pl n) irgendwelche
    you could choose \any three items of clothing [you liked] man konnte sich drei Kleidungsstücke nach Belieben aussuchen
    you can borrow \any books [you want] du kannst dir alle Bücher ausleihen, die du möchtest
    \any number beliebig viele
    you can take \any number of books [you want] du kannst beliebig viele Bücher mitnehmen
    take \any trousers from my wardrobe nimm einfach irgendeine Hose aus meinem Schrank
    \any old ( fam) jede(r, s) x-beliebige fam
    I can't wear just \any old thing to my brother's wedding ich kann nicht jedes x-beliebige Teil zur Hochzeit meines Bruders tragen! fam
    II. pron
    1. (some of many) welche; (one of many) eine(r, s)
    are \any of those pictures over there yours? sind von den Bildern da drüben welche von dir?
    have you seen \any of his films? hast du schon einen seiner Filme gesehen?
    do you have \any [at all]? haben Sie [überhaupt] welche?
    did \any of you hear anything? hat jemand von euch etwas gehört?
    2. (some of a quantity) welche(r, s)
    do you have \any basil? — I'm sorry, there isn't \any left hast du Basilikum? — ich fürchte, es ist keines mehr da
    if there's \any left, throw it away wenn noch was übrig ist, wirf es weg
    \any at all überhaupt welche(r, s)
    hardly \any kaum etwas
    ▪ \any of sth etwas von etw dat
    is there \any of that lemon cake left? ist noch etwas von dem Zitronenkuchen übrig?
    we've got one copy here but we don't have \any to sell wir haben hier ein Exemplar, aber zum Verkaufen haben wir keine
    I haven't seen \any of his films ich habe keinen seiner Filme gesehen
    don't you have \any at all haben Sie denn überhaupt keine?
    not \any at all überhaupt keine(r, s)
    you've eaten all the chocolate without leaving \any for me! du hast die ganze Schokolade gegessen und mir nichts übrig gelassen!
    4. (each) jede(r, s); (all) alle
    we're happy to welcome each and \any who wants to take part wir freuen uns über jeden Einzelnen, der mitmachen möchte
    \any of the cars/dresses jedes der Autos/Kleider
    have you got some gloves for me? — \any I have are torn hast du ein Paar Handschuhe für mich? — alle, die ich habe, sind zerschlissen
    5. (no important which) irgendeine(r, s); (replacing pl n) irgendwelche; (whichever you like) jede(r, s) [beliebige]; (replacing pl n) alle
    I need someone to give me a hand — \any of you will do einer muss mir zur Hand gehen — egal wer von euch
    which screws would you like? — \any would do welche Schrauben möchtest du? — egal welche
    which hat shall I wear? — \any that's not too sporty welchen Hut soll ich tragen? — irgendeinen, der nicht zu sportlich ist
    could I borrow a few of your books? — take \any kann ich mir ein paar deiner Bücher leihen? — nimm dir irgendwelche
    6.
    ▶ to not have \any [of it] nichts davon wissen wollen
    III. adv inv
    1. (emphasizing) noch; (a little) etwas; (at all) überhaupt
    he wasn't \any good at acting Schauspielern lag ihm gar nicht
    if I have to stay here \any longer,... wenn ich noch länger hierbleiben muss,...
    none of us is getting \any younger wir werden alle nicht jünger
    can't you drive \any faster? können Sie nicht etwas schneller fahren?
    are you feeling \any better? fühlst du dich [denn] etwas besser?
    I don't feel \any better mir geht es überhaupt [o gar] nicht besser
    that didn't help \any das hat überhaupt nichts genutzt
    no one need be \any the wiser kein muss davon erfahren
    \any more noch mehr
    \any more of those remarks and I'll thump you! noch eine solche Bemerkung und es knallt! fam
    2. (expressing termination)
    not \any longer/more nicht mehr
    I don't do yoga \any more ich mache kein Yoga mehr
    I can't tell you \any more than that ich kann dir nicht mehr als das sagen
    I don't expect we'll have \any more trouble from him ich glaube nicht, dass er uns noch weiteren Ärger bereitet
    * * *
    ['enɪ]
    1. adj
    1) (in interrog, conditional, neg sentences) not translated (emph = any at all) (with sing n) irgendein(e); (with pl n) irgendwelche; (with uncountable n) etwas

    not any — kein/keine

    not ANY... at all — überhaupt kein/keine...

    if I had any plan/ideas/money — wenn ich einen Plan/Ideen/Geld hätte

    if I had ANY plan/ideas/money (at all) — wenn ich irgendeinen Plan/irgendwelche Ideen/(auch nur) etwas Geld hätte

    if you think it'll do any good/ANY good (at all) — wenn du glaubst, dass es etwas/irgendetwas nützt

    it won't do any good —

    2) (= no matter which) jede(r, s) (beliebige...); (with pl or uncountable n) alle

    any one will do — es ist jede(r, s) recht

    any excuse will do —

    you can have any book/books you can find — du kannst jedes Buch/alle Bücher haben, das/die du finden kannst

    thank you – any time — danke! – bitte!

    any old... (inf) — jede(r, s) x-beliebige... (inf)

    See:
    → old
    2. pron
    1) (in interrog, conditional, neg sentences) (replacing sing n) ein(e), welche(r, s); (replacing pl n) einige, welche; (replacing uncountable n) etwas, welche

    I want to meet psychologists/a psychologist, do you know any? — ich würde gerne Psychologen/einen Psychologen kennenlernen, kennen Sie welche/einen?

    I need some butter/stamps, do you have any? — ich brauche Butter/Briefmarken, haben Sie welche?

    don't you have any (at all)? — haben Sie (denn) (gar or überhaupt) keinen/keine/keines?

    he wasn't having any (of it/that) (inf) — er wollte nichts davon hören

    the profits, if any — die eventuellen Gewinne

    few, if any, will come — wenn überhaupt, werden nur wenige kommen

    I'd like some tea/tomatoes if you have any — ich hätte gerne Tee, wenn Sie welchen haben/Tomaten, wenn Sie welche haben

    if any of you can sing — wenn (irgend)jemand or (irgend)einer/-eine von euch singen kann

    2) (= no matter which) alle

    any who do come... —

    any that I have... — alle, die ich habe...

    3. adv
    1) colder, bigger etc noch

    not any colder/bigger etc — nicht kälter/größer etc

    should he grow any bigger he'll... — wenn er noch mehr wächst, wird er...

    2) (esp US inf = at all) überhaupt
    * * *
    any [ˈenı]
    A adj
    1. (in Frage- und Verneinungssätzen) (irgend)ein(e), einige pl, (irgend)welche pl, etwaige pl, etwas:
    not any (gar) keine;
    is there any hope? besteht noch (irgendwelche) Hoffnung?;
    have you got any money on you? haben Sie Geld bei sich?;
    there wasn’t any milk in the house es war keine Milch oder kein Tropfen Milch im Hause; → use C 2, etc
    2. (in bejahenden Sätzen) besonders pej auch any and every jeder, jede, jedes (beliebige):
    any of these books will do jedes dieser Bücher genügt (für den Zweck);
    any cat will scratch jede Katze kratzt;
    any person who … jeder, der …; besonders JUR wer …;
    come any time you like komm, wann immer du willst;
    at any time zu jeder Zeit, jederzeit;
    under any circumstances unter allen Umständen; → case1 A 2, day Bes Redew, rate1 A 3, etc
    B pron sg und pl irgendein(er, e, es), irgendwelche pl:
    if there be any … sollten irgendwelche … sein;
    no money and no prospect of any kein Geld und keine Aussicht auf welches
    C adv
    1. irgend(wie), ein wenig, etwas, (nur) noch, (noch) etwas:
    if these estimates are any close to accurate, … wenn diese Schätzungen auch nur annähernd stimmen, …;
    is he any happier now? ist er denn jetzt glücklicher?;
    he doesn’t live here any more er wohnt nicht mehr hier;
    any more? noch (etwas) mehr?;
    not any more than ebenso wenig wie;
    have you any more to say? haben Sie noch (irgend) etwas zu sagen?;
    any old how umg achtlos; → if1 A 1, old A 10
    2. US (in negativen Sätzen) gar (nicht), überhaupt (nicht):
    this didn’t help matters any das nützte (der Sache) überhaupt nichts;
    he didn’t mind that any das hat ihm gar nichts ausgemacht
    * * *
    1. adjective

    have you any wool/any statement to make? — haben Sie Wolle/[irgend]eine Erklärung abzugeben?

    not any — kein/keine

    without any — ohne jeden/jede/jedes

    have you any idea of the time? — hast du eine Ahnung, wie spät es ist?

    2) (one) ein/eine
    3) (all) jeder/jede/jedes
    4) (every) jeder/jede/jedes

    any time I went there — jedes Mal od. immer, wenn ich dort hinging

    [at] any time — jederzeit

    [at] any time of day — zu jeder Tageszeit

    5) (whichever) jeder/jede/jedes [beliebige]

    choose any [one] book/any books you like — suchen Sie sich (Dat.) irgendein Buch/irgendwelche Bücher aus

    do it any way you like — machen Sie es, wie immer Sie wollen

    [at] any time [now] — jederzeit

    any day/minute [now] — jeden Tag/jede Minute

    you can count on him any time — (coll.) du kannst dich jederzeit auf ihn verlassen

    I'd prefer Mozart any day — (coll.) ich würde Mozart allemal (ugs.) od. jederzeit vorziehen

    not [just] any house — nicht irgendein beliebiges Haus

    take any amount you wish — nehmen Sie, soviel Sie wollen

    6) (an appreciable) ein nennenswerter/eine nennenswerte/ein nennenswertes
    2. pronoun
    1) (some) in condit., interrog., or neg. sentence (replacing sing. n.) einer/eine/ein[e]s; (replacing collect. n.) welcher/welche/welches; (replacing pl. n.) welche

    not any — keiner/keine/kein[e]s/Pl. keine

    I need to buy some sugar, we haven't got any at the moment — ich muss Zucker kaufen, wir haben im Augenblick keinen

    Here are some sweets. Would you like any? — Hier sind ein paar Bonbons. Möchtest du welche?

    hardly any — kaum welche/etwas

    do you have any of them in stock? — haben Sie [irgend]welche davon vorrätig?

    he is not having any of it — (fig. coll.) er will nichts davon wissen

    2) (no matter which) irgendeiner / irgendeine / irgendein[e]s/irgendwelche Pl.
    3. adverb

    do you feel any better today? — fühlen Sie sich heute [etwas] besser?

    he didn't seem any [the] wiser after that — danach schien er auch nicht klüger zu sein

    I can't wait any longer — ich kann nicht [mehr] länger warten

    * * *
    adj.
    beliebig adj.
    einer adj.
    irgendein adj.
    irgendeiner adj.
    irgendetwas adj.
    irgendwelch adj.
    jed adj.
    jeder adj.

    English-german dictionary > any

  • 8 mezzo

    I ['mɛddzo] sm
    (strumento) means sg, (metodo) means, way

    per mezzo di — by means of, through

    II mezzo (-a)
    1. agg
    1) half
    2)

    (medio) di mezza età — middle-aged

    2. avv

    mezzo pieno/vuoto ecc — half-full/empty ecc

    3. sm
    1) (metà) half

    un chilo e mezzo — a kilo and a half, one and a half kilos

    in mezzo a — in the middle of, (folla) in the midst of

    3)

    (fraseologia) esserci di mezzo — (ostacolo) to be in the way

    togliere di mezzo — (persona, cosa) to get rid of, (fam : uccidere) to bump off

    levarsi o togliersi di mezzo — to get out of the way

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > mezzo

  • 9 put

    put
    A n Fin = put option.
    B vtr ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp put)
    1 ( place) mettre [object] ; put them here please mettez-les ici s'il vous plaît ; to put sth on/under/around etc mettre qch sur/sous/autour de etc ; to put a stamp on a letter mettre un timbre sur une lettre ; to put a lock on the door/a button on a shirt mettre une serrure sur la porte/un bouton sur une chemise ; to put one's arm around sb mettre son bras autour de qn ; to put one's hands in one's pockets mettre les mains dans ses poches ; to put sth in a safe place mettre qch en lieu sûr ; to put sugar in one's tea mettre du sucre dans son thé ; to put more sugar in one's tea ajouter du sucre dans son thé ; to put more soap in the bathroom remettre du savon dans la salle de bains ;
    2 ( cause to go or undergo) to put sth through glisser qch dans [letterbox] ; passer qch par [window] ; faire passer qch à [mincer] ; to put one's head through the window passer la tête par la fenêtre ; to put one's fist through the window casser la fenêtre d'un coup de poing ; to put sth through the books Accts faire passer qch dans les frais généraux ; to put sth through a test faire passer un test à qch ; to put sth through a process faire suivre un processus à qch ; to put sb through envoyer qn à [university, college] ; faire passer qn par [suffering, ordeal] ; faire passer [qch] à qn [test] ; faire suivre [qch] à qn [course] ; after all you've put me through après tout ce que tu m'as fait subir ; to put sb through hell faire souffrir mille morts à qn ; to put one's hand/finger to porter la main/le doigt à [mouth] ;
    3 ( cause to be or do) mettre [person] ; to put sb in prison/on a diet mettre qn en prison/au régime ; to put sb on the train mettre qn dans le train ; to put sb in goal/in defence GB mettre qn dans les buts/en défense ; to put sb in a bad mood/in an awkward position mettre qn de mauvaise humeur/dans une situation délicate ; to put sb to work mettre qn au travail ; to put sb to mending/washing sth faire réparer/laver qch à qn ;
    4 (devote, invest) to put money/energy into sth investir de l'argent/son énergie dans qch ; if you put some effort into your work, you will improve si tu fais des efforts, ton travail sera meilleur ; to put a lot into s'engager à fond pour [work, project] ; sacrifier beaucoup à [marriage] ; to put a lot of effort into sth faire beaucoup d'efforts pour qch ; she puts a lot of herself into her novels il y a beaucoup d'éléments autobiographiques dans ses romans ;
    5 ( add) to put sth towards mettre qch pour [holiday, gift, fund] ; put it towards some new clothes dépense-le en nouveaux vêtements ; to put tax/duty on sth taxer/imposer qch ; to put a penny on income tax GB augmenter d'un pourcent l'impôt sur le revenu ;
    6 ( express) how would you put that in French? comment dirait-on ça en français? ; how can I put it? comment dirai-je? ; it was-how can I put it-unusual c'était-comment dire-original ; that's one way of putting it! iron on peut le dire comme ça! ; as Sartre puts it comme le dit Sartre ; to put it simply pour le dire simplement ; to put it bluntly pour parler franchement ; let me put it another way laissez-moi m'exprimer différemment ; that was very well ou nicely put c'était très bien tourné ; to put one's feelings/one's anger into words trouver les mots pour exprimer ses sentiments/sa colère ; to put sth in writing mettre qch par écrit ;
    7 ( offer for consideration) présenter [argument, point of view, proposal] ; to put sth to soumettre qch à [meeting, conference, board] ; to put sth to the vote mettre qch au vote ; I put it to you that Jur j'ai la présomption que ;
    8 (rate, rank) placer ; where would you put it on a scale of one to ten? où est-ce que tu placerais cela sur une échelle allant de un à dix? ; to put sb in the top rank of artists placer qn au premier rang des artistes ; I put a sense of humour before good looks je place le sens de l'humour avant la beauté ; I put a sense of humour first pour moi le plus important c'est le sens de l'humour ; to put children/safety first faire passer les enfants/la sécurité avant tout ; to put one's family before everything faire passer sa famille avant tout ;
    9 ( estimate) to put sth at évaluer qch à [sum] ; to put the value of sth at estimer la valeur de qch à [sum] ; I'd put him at about 40 je lui donnerais à peu près 40 ans ;
    10 Sport lancer [shot] ;
    11 Agric ( for mating) to put a heifer/mare to amener une génisse/jument à [male].
    C v refl ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp put) to put oneself in a strong position/in sb's place se mettre dans une position de force/à la place de qn.
    I didn't know where to put myself je ne savais pas où me mettre ; I wouldn't put it past him! je ne pense pas que ça le gênerait! (to do de faire) ; I wouldn't put anything past her! je la crois capable de tout! ; put it there ○ ! ( invitation to shake hands) tope là! ; to put it about a bit ◑ péj coucher à droite et à gauche ◑ ; to put one over ou across GB on sb ○ faire marcher qn ○.
    ■ put about:
    ▶ put about Naut virer de bord ;
    ▶ put [sth] about, put about [sth]
    1 ( spread) faire circuler [rumour, gossip, story] ; to put (it) about that faire courir le bruit que ; it is being put about that le bruit court que ;
    2 Naut faire virer de bord [vessel].
    ▶ put across [sth], put [sth] across communiquer [idea, message, concept, case, point of view] ; mettre [qch] en valeur [personality] ; to put oneself across se mettre en valeur.
    ■ put aside:
    ▶ put aside [sth], put [sth] aside mettre [qch] de côté [money, article, differences, divisions, mistrust].
    ■ put away:
    ▶ put away [sth], put [sth] away
    1 ( tidy away) ranger [toys, dishes] ;
    2 ( save) mettre [qch] de côté [money] ;
    3 ○ ( consume) avaler [food] ; descendre ○ [drink] ;
    ▶ put away [sb] ○, put [sb] away ○
    1 ( in mental hospital) enfermer ; he had to be put away il a fallu l'enfermer ;
    2 ( in prison) boucler ○ [person] (for pour).
    ■ put back:
    ▶ put back [sth], put [sth] back
    1 (return, restore) remettre [object] ; to put sth back where it belongs remettre qch à sa place ;
    2 ( postpone) remettre, repousser [meeting, departure] (to à ; until jusqu'à) ; repousser [date] ;
    3 retarder [clock, watch] ; remember to put your clocks back an hour n'oubliez pas de retarder votre pendule d'une heure ;
    4 ( delay) retarder [project, production, deliveries] (by de) ;
    5 ○ ( knock back) descendre ○ [drink, quantity].
    ■ put by GB:
    ▶ put [sth] by, put by [sth] mettre [qch] de côté [money] ; to have a bit (of money) put by avoir un peu d'argent de côté.
    ■ put down:
    ▶ put down ( land) [aircraft] atterrir (on sur) ;
    ▶ put [sth] down, put down [sth]
    1 (on ground, table) poser [object, plane] (on sur) ; mettre [rat poison etc] ;
    2 ( suppress) réprimer [uprising, revolt, opposition] ;
    3 ( write down) mettre (par écrit) [date, time, name] ; put down whatever you like mets ce que tu veux ;
    4 ( ascribe) to put sth down to mettre qch sur le compte de [incompetence, human error etc] ; to put sth down to the fact that imputer qch au fait que ;
    5 ( charge) to put sth down to mettre qch sur [account] ;
    6 Vet ( by injection) piquer ; ( by other method) abattre ; to have a dog put down faire piquer un chien ;
    7 (advance, deposit) to put down a deposit verser des arrhes ; to put £50 down on sth verser 50 livres d'arrhes sur qch ;
    8 (lay down, store) mettre [qch] en cave [wine] ; affiner [cheese] ;
    9 ( put on agenda) inscrire [qch] à l'ordre du jour [motion] ;
    ▶ put [sb] down, put down [sb]
    1 ( drop off) déposer [passenger] ; to put sb down on the corner déposer qn au coin de la rue ;
    2 ○ ( humiliate) rabaisser [person] ;
    3 gen Sch ( into lower group) faire descendre [pupil, team] (from de ; to, into à) ;
    4 (classify, count in) to put sb down as considérer qn comme [possibility, candidate, fool] ; I'd never have put you down as a Scotsman! je ne t'aurais jamais pris pour un Écossais! ; to put sb down for ( note as wanting or offering) compter [qch] pour qn [contribution] ; ( put on waiting list) inscrire qn sur la liste d'attente pour [school, club] ; put me down for a meal compte un repas pour moi ; to put sb down for £10 compter 10 livres pour qn ; to put sb down for three tickets réserver trois billets pour qn.
    ▶ put forth [sth], put [sth] forth
    1 présenter [shoots, leaves, buds] ;
    2 fig émettre [idea, theory].
    ▶ put forward [sth], put [sth] forward
    1 ( propose) avancer [idea, theory, name] ; soumettre [plan, proposal, suggestion] ; émettre [opinion] ;
    2 ( in time) avancer [meeting, date, clock] (by de ; to à) ; don't forget to put your clocks forward one hour n'oubliez pas d'avancer votre pendule d'une heure ;
    ▶ put [sb] forward, put forward [sb] présenter la candidature de (for pour) ;
    ▶ put sb forward as présenter qn comme [candidate] ; to put oneself forward présenter sa candidature, se présenter ; to put oneself forward as a candidate présenter sa candidature ; to put oneself forward for se présenter pour [post].
    ■ put in:
    ▶ put in
    1 [ship] faire escale (at à ; to dans ; for pour) ;
    2 ( apply) to put in for [person] postuler pour [job, promotion, rise] ; demander [transfer, overtime] ;
    ▶ put in [sth], put [sth] in
    1 (fit, install) installer [central heating, shower, kitchen] ; to have sth put in faire installer qch ;
    2 ( make) faire [request, claim, offer, bid] ; to put in an application for déposer une demande de [visa, passport] ; poser sa candidature pour [job] ; to put in a protest protester ; to put in an appearance faire une apparition ;
    3 ( contribute) passer [time, hours, days] ; contribuer pour [sum, amount] ; they are each putting in £1 m chacun apporte une contribution d'un million de livres ; to put in a lot of time doing consacrer beaucoup de temps à faire ; to put in a good day's work avoir une bonne journée de travail ; to put in a lot of work se donner beaucoup de mal ; thank you for all the work you've put in merci pour tout le mal que tu t'es donné ;
    4 ( insert) mettre [paragraph, word, reference] ; to put in that mettre que ; to put in how/why expliquer comment/pourquoi ;
    5 ( elect) élire ; that puts the Conservatives in again les conservateurs ont donc été élus encore une fois ;
    ▶ put [sb] in for présenter [qn] pour [exam, scholarship] ; poser la candidature de [qn] pour [promotion, job] ; recommander [qn] pour [prize, award] ; to put oneself in for poser sa candidature pour [job, promotion].
    ■ put off:
    ▶ put off Naut partir ;
    ▶ put off from s'éloigner de [quay, jetty] ;
    ▶ put off [sth], put [sth] off
    1 (delay, defer) remettre [qch] (à plus tard) [wedding, meeting] ; to put sth off until June/until after Christmas remettre qch à juin/à après Noël ; I should see a doctor, but I keep putting it off je devrais voir un médecin, mais je remets toujours ça à plus tard ; to put off visiting sb/doing one's homework remettre à plus tard une visite chez qn/ses devoirs ;
    2 ( turn off) éteindre [light, radio] ; couper [radiator, heating] ;
    ▶ put off [sb], put [sb] off
    1 (fob off, postpone seeing) décommander [guest] ; dissuader [person] ; to put sb off coming with an excuse trouver une excuse pour dissuader qn de venir ; to be easily put off se décourager facilement ;
    2 ( repel) [appearance, smell, colour] dégoûter ; [manner, person] déconcerter ; to put sb off sth dégoûter qn de qch ; don't be put off by the colour-it tastes delicious! ne te laisse pas dégoûter par la couleur-c'est délicieux! ;
    3 GB ( distract) distraire ; stop trying to put me off! arrête de me distraire! ; you're putting me off my work tu me distrais de mon travail ;
    4 ( drop off) déposer [passenger].
    ■ put on:
    ▶ put on [sth], put [sth] on
    1 mettre [garment, hat, cream, lipstick] ;
    2 (switch on, operate) allumer [light, gas, radio, heating] ; mettre [record, tape, music] ; to put the kettle on mettre de l'eau à chauffer ; to put the brakes on freiner ;
    3 ( gain) prendre [weight, kilo] ;
    4 ( add) rajouter [extra duty, tax] ;
    5 ( produce) monter [play, exhibition] ;
    6 (assume, adopt) prendre [air, accent, look, expression] ; he's putting it on il fait semblant ;
    7 (lay on, offer) ajouter [extra train, bus service] ; proposer [meal, dish] ;
    8 ( put forward) avancer [clock] ;
    9 Turf ( bet) parier [amount] ; to put a bet on faire un pari ;
    ▶ put [sb] on
    1 Telecom ( connect) passer ; I'll put him on je vous le passe ;
    2 ○ US faire marcher ○ [person] ;
    3 ( recommend) to put sb on to sth indiquer qch à qn ; who put you on to me? qui vous a envoyé à moi? ;
    4 ( put on track of) to put sb on to mettre qn sur la piste de [killer, criminal, runaway].
    ■ put out:
    ▶ put out
    1 Naut partir (from de) ; to put out to sea mettre à la mer ;
    2 ◑ US péj coucher avec n'importe qui ○ ;
    ▶ put out [sth], put [sth] out
    1 ( extend) tendre [hand, arm, foot, leg] ; to put out one's tongue tirer la langue ;
    2 ( extinguish) éteindre [fire, cigarette, candle, light] ;
    3 ( take outside) sortir [bin, garbage] ; faire sortir [cat] ;
    4 ( issue) diffuser [description, report, warning] ; faire [statement] ; propager [rumour] ;
    5 (make available, arrange) mettre [food, dishes, towels etc] ;
    6 ( sprout) déployer [shoot, bud, root] ;
    7 ( cause to be wrong) fausser [figure, estimate, result] ;
    8 ( dislocate) se démettre [shoulder, ankle] ;
    9 ( subcontract) confier [qch] en sous-traitance [work] (to à) ;
    ▶ put [sb] out
    1 ( inconvenience) déranger ; to put oneself out se mettre en quatre ○ (to do pour faire) ; to put oneself out for sb se donner beaucoup de mal pour qn ; don't put yourself out for us ne vous dérangez pas pour nous ;
    2 ( annoy) contrarier ; he looked really put out il avait l'air vraiment contrarié ;
    3 ( evict) expulser.
    ▶ put [sth] through, put through [sth]
    1 ( implement) faire passer [reform, bill, amendment, plan, measure] ;
    2 Telecom ( transfer) passer [call] (to à) ; she put through a call from my husband elle m'a passé mon mari ○ ;
    ▶ put [sb] through Telecom passer [caller] (to à) ; I'm just putting you through je vous le/la passe ; I was put through to another department on m'a passé un autre service.
    ▶ put [sb/sth] together, put together [sb/sth]
    1 ( assemble) assembler [pieces, parts] ; to put sth together again, to put sth back together reconstituer qch ; more/smarter than all the rest put together plus/plus intelligent que tous les autres réunis ;
    2 ( place together) mettre ensemble [animals, objects, people] ;
    3 ( form) former [coalition, partnership, group, team, consortium] ;
    4 (edit, make) constituer [file, portfolio, anthology] ; rédiger [newsletter, leaflet] ; établir [list] ; faire [film, programme, video] ;
    5 ( concoct) improviser [meal] ;
    6 ( present) constituer [case] ; construire [argument, essay].
    ■ put up:
    ▶ put up
    1 ( stay) to put up at sb's se faire héberger par qn ; to put up in a hotel descendre à l'hôtel ;
    2 to put up with ( tolerate) supporter [behaviour, person] ; to have a lot to put up with avoir beaucoup de choses à supporter ;
    ▶ put up [sth] opposer [resistance] ; to put up a fight/struggle combattre ; to put up a good performance [team, competitor] bien se défendre ;
    ▶ put [sth] up, put up [sth]
    1 ( raise) hisser [flag, sail] ; relever [hair] ; to put up one's hand/leg lever la main/la jambe ; put your hands up! ( in class) levez le doigt! ; put 'em up ○ ! ( to fight) bats-toi! ; ( to surrender) haut les mains! ;
    2 ( post up) mettre [sign, poster, notice, plaque, decorations] ; afficher [list] ; to put sth up on the wall/on the board afficher qch sur le mur/au tableau ;
    3 (build, erect) dresser [fence, barrier, tent] ; construire [building, memorial] ;
    4 (increase, raise) augmenter [rent, prices, tax] ; faire monter [temperature, pressure] ;
    5 ( provide) fournir [money, amount, percentage] (for pour ; to do pour faire) ;
    6 ( present) soumettre [proposal, argument] ; to put sth up for discussion soumettre qch à la discussion ;
    7 ( put in orbit) placer [qch] en orbite [satellite, probe] ;
    ▶ put [sb] up, put up [sb]
    1 ( lodge) héberger ;
    2 ( as candidate) présenter [candidate] ; to put sb up for proposer qn comme [leader, chairman] ; proposer qn pour [promotion, position] ; to put oneself up for se proposer comme [chairman] ; se proposer pour [post] ;
    3 ( promote) faire passer [qn] au niveau supérieur [pupil] ; to be put up [pupil, team] monter (to dans) ;
    4 ( incite) to put sb up to sth/to doing pousser [qn] à/à faire ; somebody must have put her up to it quelqu'un a dû l'y pousser.
    ■ put upon:
    ▶ put upon [sb] abuser de [person] ; to be put upon se faire marcher sur les pieds ; to feel put upon avoir l'impression de se faire marcher sur les pieds ; I won't be put upon any more je ne me ferai plus jamais avoir ○.

    Big English-French dictionary > put

  • 10 С-715

    В ДВА СЧЁТА coll PrepP Invar adv usu. used with pfv verbs fixed WO
    (to do sth.) very quickly, without delay, at once
    in no time (flat)
    in no time at all in a jiffy (a wink, a flash) one-two-three in two shakes of a Iambus tail.
    ...В первых числах августа смотритель получил приказ откомандировать (Мишку) Кошевого в распоряжение станичного правления. Мишка собрался в два счёта, сдал казённую экипировку, в тот же день навечер выехал домой (Шолохов 4)....In the early days of August the overseer received orders to put (Mishka) Koshevoi at the disposal of the stanitsa authorities. Mishka was ready in no time, handed in the equipment that had been issued to him, and by evening on the same day was on his way home (4a).
    Ведь от такой работы ежедневной свихнёшься в два счёта (Трифонов 6). Doing that kind of work every day you'd go batty in no time flat (6a).
    Давайте совместными усилиями, как когда-то бывало, подналяжем и попробуем ещё разок крутануть колесо истории. Вы только верните нам Лёню Тихомирова, царя, волю, как ее? - энергию эту самую дайте, и мы вам снова в два счёта построим коммунизм... (Терц 6). Why don't we pool our efforts once again, and have a really good try and give the wheel of history one more turn? All you have to do is give us back our Lenny Makepeace, our Tsar, our will, our—energy-or whatever you call it-and we'll build you communism once again in no time at all... (6a).
    «Ты где пропадаешь? - грозно окликнул он Сейдахмата. -Гость тут дрова рубит, - кивнул он на шофёра, коловшего поленья, - а ты песни поёшь». - «Ну, это мы в два счёта», — успокоил его Сейдахмат, направляясь к шофёру (Айтматов 1). "Where've you been?" he called menacingly to Seidakhmat. "Our guest over here is splitting firewood"-he nodded towards the driver, who was working away at some logs—"and you're singing songs." uAh, we'll take care of that in a jiffy," Seidakhmat mollified him and headed towards the driver (1b).
    Железнодорожник) едет довольный, говорил - вызвали к министру наверно, рассчитывает на повышение. А вот произойдёт крушение, в два счёта снимут, это бесспорно (Эренбург 3). (The railway engineer) sits there (in the train) smirking, says he's summoned by his Ministry, must be counting on promotion. And suppose there is a railway accident—one-two-three and out you go, no nonsense about that (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-715

  • 11 в два счета

    [PrepP; Invar; adv; usu. used with pfv verbs; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ (to do sth.) very quickly, without delay, at once:
    - in a jiffy (a wink, a flash);
    - in two shakes of a Iambus tail.
         ♦...В первых числах августа смотритель получил приказ откомандировать [Мишку] Кошевого в распоряжение станичного правления. Мишка собрался в два счёта, сдал казённую экипировку, в тот же день навечер выехал домой (Шолохов 4)....In the early days of August the overseer received orders to put [Mishka] Koshevoi at the disposal of the stanitsa authorities. Mishka was ready in no time, handed in the equipment that had been issued to him, and by evening on the same day was on his way home (4a).
         ♦ Ведь от такой работы ежедневной свихнёшься в два счёта (Трифонов 6). Doing that kind of work every day you'd go batty in no time flat (6a).
         ♦ Давайте совместными усилиями, как когда-то бывало, подналяжем и попробуем ещё разок крутануть колесо истории. Вы только верните нам Лёню Тихомирова, царя, волю, как ее? - энергию эту самую дайте, и мы вам снова в два счёта построим коммунизм... (Терц 6). Why don't we pool our efforts once again, and have a really good try and give the wheel of history one more turn? All you have to do is give us back our Lenny Makepeace, our Tsar, our will, our - energy - or whatever you call it - and we'll build you communism once again in no time at all... (6a).
         ♦ "Ты где пропадаешь? - грозно окликнул он Сейдахмата. - Гость тут дрова рубит, - кивнул он на шофёра, коловшего поленья, - а ты песни поёшь". - "Ну, это мы в два счёта", - успокоил его Сейдахмат, направляясь к шофёру (Айтматов 1). "Where've you been?" he called menacingly to Seidakhmat. "Our guest over here is splitting firewood" - he nodded towards the driver, who was working away at some logs - "and you're singing songs." "Ah, we'll take care of that in a jiffy," Seidakhmat mollified him and headed towards the driver (1b).
         ♦ [Железнодорожник] едет довольный, говорил - вызвали к министру; наверно, рассчитывает на повышение. А вот произойдёт крушение, в два счёта снимут, это бесспорно (Эренбург 3). [The railway engineer] sits there [in the train] smirking, says he's summoned by his Ministry, must be counting on promotion. And suppose there is a railway accident - one-two-three and out you go, no nonsense about that (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в два счета

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